https://youtu.be/tiqiN3y1ze4?si=l4EcsHAfhhkzwple
REFRACTION - CRITICAL ANGLE
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https://youtu.be/NAaHPRsveJk?si=y_c9gVy2px_GXBUz
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
https://youtu.be/ybvjcjndn_4?si=Hmcgn7ndFHNcHTWa
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COLOUR THEORY
https://youtu.be/S9T0V5Mh01g?si=M68YV-1A4ccOxeI9
https://youtu.be/xvfwuImlkrA?si=lcPbiSx_-8aOLdrV
Scalar Quantities
Scalar quantities have only magnitude (size or amount) and no direction.
Here are 10 examples:
1. *Temperature* - Example: 25 degrees Celsius.
2. *Speed* - Example: 60 kilometers per hour (km/h).
3. *Mass* - Example: 50 kilograms (kg).
4. *Time* - Example: 30 seconds.
5. *Volume* - Example: 2 liters (L).
6. *Distance* - Example: 10 meters (m).
7. *Energy* - Example: 100 Joules (J).
8. *Density* - Example: 1.2 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).
9. *Electric charge* - Example: 2 Coulombs (C).
10. *Area* - Example: 20 square meters (m²).
Vector Quantities
Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. Here are 10 examples:
1. *Velocity* - Example: 50 km/h east.
2. *Force* - Example: 10 Newtons (N) upward.
3. *Displacement* - Example: 5 meters north.
4. *Acceleration* - Example: 2 meters per second squared (m/s²) to the right.
5. *Momentum* - Example: 20 kg·m/s south.
6. *Electric field* - Example: 3 Newtons per Coulomb (N/C) downward.
7. *Magnetic field* - Example: 0.5 Tesla (T) towards the west.
8. *Weight* - Example: 500 Newtons downward (due to gravity).
9. *Torque* - Example: 15 Newton meters (N·m) clockwise.
10. *Lift* - Example: 800 Newtons upward (as in an airplane's lift).
*Scalars*:
- Scalars are like counting objects or measuring something without worrying about which way it's going. For example, if you measure the temperature of the room, you only care about how hot or cold it is, not which direction the heat is coming from.
*Vectors*:
- Vectors are like giving directions with measurements. For example, if you tell someone to walk 10 meters north, you are giving them both a distance and a direction to follow. Both parts (the distance and the direction) are important to understand what you mean.
These examples should help you understand the difference between scalar and vector quantities. Scalars are simpler because they only have a size, while vectors are more detailed because they tell you both size and direction.
Homologous series are characteristic of
organic compounds because these compounds are based on carbon chains. In a homologous
series, each member differs from the next by a CH₂ unit. This regularity in
structure leads to a gradual variation in physical properties and similar
chemical properties among the members. Inorganic compounds, on the other hand,
do not form such series because their structures are more varied and less
amenable to the regular incremental changes seen in organic compounds.
Methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), and propane
(C₃H₈) are all alkanes, which are saturated hydrocarbons. They have similar
chemical properties because they all undergo similar types of reactions, such
as combustion and substitution, due to the presence of only single bonds
between carbon atoms. However, they differ in physical properties such as
boiling and melting points. These differences arise because as the molecular
size increases, the strength of van der Waals forces between the molecules
increases, leading to higher boiling and melting points for larger molecules.
Hydrocarbons in the same homologous series
share a common general formula, which describes the ratio of carbon to hydrogen
atoms in the molecules. For example:
- Alkanes have the general formula (CnH{2n+2} -- Alkanes (paraffins)
- Alkenes have the general formula (CnH{2n} --- Alkenes (olefins)
- Alkynes have the general formula (CnH{2n-2}
This general formula is a result of the consistent structural pattern within
the series, where each successive compound differs by a CH₂ group.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MQdXjRPHmQ
What is a gene?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8tJGlicgp8
Genetics 101 | National Geographic
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUrlreMaUrs
What is a Chromosome?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeAL6xThfL8
DNA: The book of you - Joe Hanson
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hywRdDVR76A
Genes, DNA and Chromosomes explained
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfzMi1EOe4I
Your Organs When You Eat Too Much Sugar
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What is DNA and How Does it Work?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY
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What is a Chromosome?
https://youtu.be/IePMXxQ-KWY?si=APS25jw9i4_7zWss
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUQcSbbqDrw
Animation 25.2 Structure of a chromosome
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcEV3m9SG9M
Genetics Basics | Chromosomes, Genes, DNA and Traits | Infinity Learn
.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
Biology: Cell Structure I Nucleus Medical Media
.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IlzKri08kk
Introduction to Cells: The Grand Cell Tour
.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsDxw63QqK0
A Tour of the Cell: Crash Course Biology #23
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Z9pqST72is
A Tour of the Cell
https://youtu.be/4oz2FHljBKY?si=KSXYI5l3GfVEhzGW
Capacitor Explained | How capacitors work | working principle | 3D Animation
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Capacitor Explained : Calculations | Series | Parallel | Charging | Discharging
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1-MbGU-HZY.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrCFv2qCELI
What are Resistance Reactance Impedance
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How does the Transformer work? | Working principle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0B18oUisKU
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The Ultimate Guide to Understanding Inductance and Inductors
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXXV7oSZGjQ
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55V7iB9GWQE
Electric Motor | How does an Electric Motor work?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7INcwExL6BA
Introduction to Magnetism | Basics of Electromagnetism Explained
https://www.cloudskillsboost.google/course_templates/536
Introduction to Generative AI
This is an introductory level microlearning course aimed at explaining what Generative AI is, how it is used, and how it differs from traditional machine learning methods. It also covers Google Tools to help you develop your own Gen AI apps.
https://www.deeplearning.ai/short-courses/chatgpt-prompt-engineering-for-developers/
In ChatGPT Prompt Engineering for Developers, you will learn how to use a large language model (LLM) to quickly build new and powerful applications.
https://pll.harvard.edu/course/cs50s-introduction-artificial-intelligence-python/2023-05
CS50's Introduction to Artificial Intelligence with Python - May 2023
Learn to use machine learning in Python in this introductory course on artificial intelligence.
Generative AI is a tool in service of humanity - DALL-E Tutorial
https://www.cloudskillsboost.google/course_templates/554
This is an introductory-level microlearning course aimed at explaining what responsible AI is, why it's important, and how Google implements responsible AI in their products. It also introduces Google's 7 AI principles.
Put your fingers to work: Chatting as a productivity tool - Bing Chat Tutorial
https://www.deeplearning.ai/short-courses/langchain-for-llm-application-development/
Learn Lang Chain directly from the creator of the framework, Harrison Chase
https://www.deeplearning.ai/courses/generative-ai-for-everyone/
Learn how generative AI works, and how to use it in your life and at work
https://youtu.be/Gzqdcussk7k?si=doGS0w14YI4eDwqv
Galvanometer : how it works in hindi galvanometer 12th class construction and working animation HD
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https://youtu.be/CqW5rmmqv_Y?si=QXXWGhzqTHphxn_J
Working of Moving Coil Instruments
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https://youtu.be/pmx57Nsn4e8?si=21i5SoOVXhr-txI2
7D30.70 - Cyclotron Demonstration Model
https://youtu.be/unydXO6Yenw?si=yNnt3yQd4TgP6cJ9
What is a cyclotron, the physics behind its working and why.
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https://youtu.be/m2jp0klZHEE?si=qjidZSoX4QDmnL3H
Principle and Working of Cyclotron
icse class 9 pressure solutions chap 4
click link
1. A hammer exerts a force of 1.5 N on each of the two nails A and B. The area of cross section of tip of nail A is 2 mm2 while that of nail B is 6 mm2. Calculate pressure on each nail in pascal. Ans. On A : 7.5 x 105 pascal, On B : 2.5 x 105 pascal.
2. A block of iron of mass 7.5 kg and of dimensions 12 cm x 8 cm x 10 cm is kept on a table top on its base of side 12 cm x 8 cm. Calculate : (a) thrust and (b) pressure exerted on the table top. Take 1 kgf = 10 N. Ans. (a) 75 N (13) 7812.5 Pa
3. A vessel contains water up to a height of 1.5 m. Taking the density of water 103 kg 110, "acceleration due to gravity 9.8 m s-2 and area of base of vessel 100 cm2, calculate : (a) the pressure and (b) the thrust, at the base of vessel. Ans. (a) 1.47 x 104 N m2 (b) 147 N
4. The area of base of a cylindrical vessel is 300 cm2. Water (density = 1000 kg m-3) is poured into it up to a depth of 6 cm. Calculate : (a) the pressure and (b) the thrust of water on the base. (g = 10 m s2). Ans. (a) 600 Pa, (b) 18 N
5. (a) Calculate the height of a water column which will exert on its base the same pressure as the 70 cm column of mercury. Density of mercury is 13.6 g cm-3. (b) Will the height of the water column in part (a) change if the cross section of the water column is made wider ? Ans. (a) 9.52 m (b) No
